CO2 Hydration and Phosphate Dynamics in Biochemistry

CO2 Hydration and Phosphate Chemistry Notes

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CO2 Hydration Reaction

  • Reaction: CO2+H2O⇌H2CO3⇌HCO3−+H+CO_2 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons HCO_3^- + H^+
    • Explanation:
      • Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3H_2CO_3).
      • This can dissociate into bicarbonate (HCO3−HCO_3^-) and a hydrogen ion (H+H^+).
      • The equilibrium indicates this reaction can proceed in either direction depending on concentration and pH.

Phosphate Species

  • Phosphate Monester Dianion
    • Major species at pH 7.3.
    • Results from the removal of both protons from the phosphate group of a phosphate monester.
  • Structure: R−O−P(−O−)=O+R-O-P(-O^{-}) = O^{+}
    • Components:
      • Ester: The R−OR-O group is attached, indicating the presence of an ester functional group.
      • Phosphate Linkage: Phosphate typically has a tetravalent phosphorus atom surrounded by oxygen.

Hydrolysis

  • Process:
    • Hydrolysis releases the ester or other functional groups, indicating that the phosphate may break down in the presence of water.
    • This can be crucial in biological systems for the release of energy or for the recycling of phosphate groups in biochemical pathways.

Summary:

Understanding the hydration of CO2 and the dynamics of phosphate systems at physiological pH is essential in biochemistry, particularly in metabolic pathways and energy transfer.

Extended readings:

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Metabolism - PMC - NCBI
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway - PMC
www.scielo.org.mx
Biochemistry and metabolic pathways of polysaccharides, lipids ...

Biochem Exam Notes - 2024-09-24

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Overview of Exam 1

  • Subject: Biochemistry
  • Scheduled Time: 8:30 AM

Student Attendance

NameArrival Time
Anna8:30 AM
Maddie8:31 AM
Elena8:40 AM
Anna8:40 AM
Monica8:40 AM

Thoughts: It's important for students to arrive on time for exams to avoid distractions and to ensure they can complete the exam without any time pressure.

Latecomers Notice

  • Next Time Meeting Time for Latecomers: 8:30 AM only
  • All Present at: 9:15 AM

Ideas: Implementing a strict start time may encourage punctuality among students. It could be beneficial to establish a grace period before enforcing strict rules.

Meeting and Assignments

  • Canceled CAC Meeting: Asked to review 8.2b by next Tuesday.

Summary: It's essential to keep track of cancelled meetings and deadlines for assignments. Regularly reviewing material ahead of deadlines helps students stay on top of their coursework.

Test Returns

  • Maddie's Test Submission: 10:16 AM
  • Rowyn's Submission from 9:15 Group: By 10:20 AM
  • Tatum's Submission: 10:32 AM

Observation: Keeping track of submission times can help manage and organize the grading process, allowing for timely feedback to students.

Additional Notes

  • Need to Create Answer for CH09 ICP:
    • Total Time for Exam Preparation: 105 minutes for 40 questions
    • Average Time per Question: ~2.5 minutes/question

Reflection: Efficient time management is crucial during exams to ensure all questions are attempted. Preparing answers in advance can streamline the process and make better use of time.

Boot Camp Workout Notes

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Boot Camp Details

  • Warm Up: 3:48
    Importance of warming up before exercise is crucial to prepare the muscles and prevent injuries.

  • Main Program: 36:50
    This is the core part of the workout where most of the physical activity occurs. It's essential to include a variety of exercises targeting different muscle groups.

  • Stretch: 3:28
    Cooling down and stretching help in muscle recovery and flexibility. It's important not to skip this phase after an intense workout.

  • Total Duration: 44:07
    This total indicates a well-rounded session that balances warm-up, main workout, and cooldown.

Bonus Abs Details

  • Total Workout Duration: 13:11
    Incorporating bonus workouts, such as abs exercises, enhances core strength, which is vital for overall fitness and stability.

Equipment Needed

EquipmentDescription
10, 12, 15 & 20 Pound DumbbellsVarious weights allow for progressive overload and customization of workouts based on fitness levels.
20 Pound BarbellUseful for a range of strength training exercises; adds resistance to movements.
Step with 2 Risers per SideEnhances cardiovascular fitness and can be used for varied exercises targeting legs and glutes.
MatProvides comfort and support for floor exercises and stretches.

Using the right equipment not only aids in effective workouts but also ensures safety and comfort for participants during exercises.

Extended readings:

www.amazon.com
Cathe Friedrich Strong and Sweaty Boot Camp Workout DVD
m.youtube.com
40 Minute Full Body Bootcamp Workout | POWER Program - Day 23
www.youtube.com
40-Minute Full Body Step Bootcamp - YouTube

Bachelor of Science in Biology - Biochemical Analysis Track

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Overview

The image outlines the curriculum for a Bachelor of Science in Biology with a focus on the Biochemical Analysis Track at Franciscan University. Below is a detailed breakdown of the curriculum plan by semester.

Curriculum Plan

SemesterCourse CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
1ACSM 1110Academic Seminar1
BIOL 1315Biology for Majors I3
BIOL 1315LBiology for Majors I Lab1
CHEM 1315General Chemistry I3
CHEM 1315LGeneral Chemistry I Lab1
MATH 1315College Algebra3
WRIT 1310College Writing3
Total Credit Hours15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2BIOL 1316Biology for Majors II3
BIOL 1316LBiology for Majors II Lab1
BIOL 1910Vocations in Life Sciences1
CHEM 1316General Chemistry II3
CHEM 1316LGeneral Chemistry II Lab1
MATH 1320Plane Trigonometry3
WRIT 1311College Writing I3
Total Credit Hours16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3BIOL 2325Fundamentals of Microbiology3
BIOL 2325LFundamentals of Microbiology Lab1
CHEM 2310General Organic Chemistry I3
CHEM 2310LGeneral Organic Chemistry I Lab1
MATH 2520Calculus for the Sciences3
THEO 1310Intro to Theology3
Total Credit Hours16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4CHEM 2311General Organic Chemistry II3
CHEM 2311LGeneral Organic Chemistry II Lab1
CHEM 2410Quantitative Analysis3
MATH 2315General Statistics3
XXXXEthics/Philosophy Elective3
Total Credit Hours14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5BIOL 3325General Genetics3
BIOL XXXXBiology 3000 or 4000 Level3
PHYS 1415General Physics I3
PSYC 1310Introductory to Psychology3
XXXXCommunications Elective3
Total Credit Hours15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6BIOL 3350Cell and Molecular Biology3
BIOL 3900Junior Biology Seminar1
CHEM 3320Instrumental Analysis3
PHYS 1416General Physics II3
XXXXElective3
Total Credit Hours17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7BIOL 4320Biochemistry I3
BIOL XXXXBiology 3000 or 4000 Level3
CHEM XXXXChemistry 3000 or 4000 Level3
CHEM XXXXChemistry 3000 or 4000 Level3
CHEM 4915Research Problems in Chemistry1
Total Credit Hours13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8BIOL 4321Biochemistry II3
BIOL 4910Biology Capstone3
CHEM 4330Toxicology3
CHEM XXXXElective3
XXXXHumanities/Arts Elective3
Total Credit Hours15

Note on Electives

  • Behavioral/Social Sciences Electives can be taken from courses such as PSYC, SOCI, WRT.
  • Ethics/Philosophy Electives may include specific philosophy courses such as PHIL 2315, PHIL 2320, or electives from theology.

Summary

This curriculum is thoughtfully designed to equip students with comprehensive knowledge in biology and its applications, emphasizing biochemical analysis. The integration of laboratory work alongside courses enables students to gain practical experience that complements theoretical learning.

Extended readings:

franu.edu
Biochemical Analysis Track | FranU
franu.edu
Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology | FranU
snas.franciscan.edu
Biology Degree Programs, Major | Ohio | Catholic University

Bachelor of Science in Biology - Pre-Professional Human Medicine Track Notes

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Overview of Curriculum

The Bachelor of Science in Biology with a Pre-Professional Human Medicine Track is designed to provide students with a robust foundation in biological sciences while preparing them for medical and related professional schools. The curriculum integrates various disciplines, including chemistry, physics, and ethics, to give a comprehensive education.

Curriculum Breakdown

Semester 1

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
ACM 1110Academic Seminar1
BIOL 1110Introduction to Medical Terminology3
BIOL 1315Biology for Majors I3
BIOL 1315LBiology for Majors I Lab1
CHEM 1315General Chemistry I3
CHEM 1315LGeneral Chemistry I Lab1
MATH 1315College Algebra3
WRT 1310College Writing3
Total15

Thoughts: The first semester starts with foundational courses that establish essential skills in writing and mathematics, along with introductory biology and chemistry.

Semester 2

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 1316Biology for Majors II3
BIOL 1316LBiology for Majors II Lab1
CHEM 1316General Chemistry II3
CHEM 1316LGeneral Chemistry II Lab1
MATH 1320Plane Trigonometry3
WRT 1311College Writing II3
Total14

Thoughts: The second semester builds on the first by deepening the students' understanding of biology and chemistry while reinforcing writing skills.

Semester 3

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 2310Human Anatomy and Physiology I3
BIOL 2310LHuman Anatomy and Physiology I Lab1
CHEM 2310General Organic Chemistry I3
CHEM 2310LGeneral Organic Chemistry I Lab1
MATH 2520Calculus for the Sciences3
XXXXEthics/Philosophy Elective3
Total16

Thoughts: This semester introduces advanced biology courses and calculus, critical for understanding physiological processes.

Semester 4

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 2311Human Anatomy and Physiology II3
BIOL 2311LHuman Anatomy and Physiology II Lab1
CHEM 2311General Organic Chemistry II3
CHEM 2311LGeneral Organic Chemistry II Lab1
MATH 2315General Statistics3
THEO 1310Intro to Theology3
Total14

Thoughts: The focus shifts to human anatomy's second part, emphasizing the importance of statistical reasoning.

Semester 5

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 2325Fundamentals of Microbiology3
BIOL 2325LFundamentals of Microbiology Lab1
BIOL 3335General Genetics3
BIOL 3336Pathophysiology3
PHYS 1415General Physics I4
Total17

Thoughts: This semester begins to intertwine microbiology and genetics, critical for understanding diseases.

Semester 6

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 3360Cell and Molecular Biology3
BIOL 3391Pathophysiology II3
PHYS 1416General Physics II4
XXXXHuman Biology Elective3
Total14

Thoughts: Advanced topics in cellular biology and continuing physics are vital for medical applications.

Semester 7 - Summer

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 2135Medical/Surgical Observation1
Total1

Thoughts: Practical experience through medical observation is crucial for applying theoretical knowledge.

Semester 8

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 4320Biochemistry I3
BIOL XXXBiology 300 or 400 Level3
PSYC 1310Introductory Psychology3
XXXXHuman Biology Elective3
Total15

Thoughts: The introduction to biochemistry is pivotal for understanding metabolic processes.

Semester 9

Course CodeCourse TitleCredit Hours
BIOL 4321Biochemistry II3
BIOL 4910Biology Capstone3
BIOL 4920/CHIMPractical Experiences in Science1
XXXXSocial/Behavioral Sciences Elective3
Total14

Thoughts: The final semester culminates in a capstone project, integrating all learned material and preparing students for professional challenges ahead.

Additional Information

  • Students are encouraged to engage in elective courses that enhance their understanding of the behavioral sciences and ethics, which are valuable in a medical context.
  • The total credit hours required for graduation are 122, indicating a rigorous and comprehensive curriculum designed to equip students for advanced studies or professional careers in medicine and biology.

Extended readings:

franu.edu
Pre-Professional Human Medicine Track | FranU
franu.smartcatalogiq.com
Bachelor of Science in Biology - Pre-Professional Human Medicine ...
www.lmunet.edu
[PDF] Bachelor of Science in Biology Pre-Health Professions Track (122Cr ...

Meeting Notes - 10/8/24

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Exam Details

  • Exam B:
    • Time: 8:30 AM
    • Attendees:
      • Haddy
      • Laura
      • Maddie
      • Hannah
      • Elena
      • Ashley
      • Daniel

Thoughts:

  • Ensure all students understand the schedule to avoid late arrivals.
  • Consider sending reminders a day before the exam.

Missing Participants

  • Participants Not Present:
    • Carina: Did not notify.
    • Natalie: Overwhelmed.
    • Darby: Unavailable.
    • Hannah: Grandmother's health concerns.
    • Dalila: In hospital.

Thoughts:

  • Reach out to missing attendees to check on their well-being and offer support.
  • Discuss the need for a procedure regarding notification of absences.

Type of Notes

  • Format: Notes were written on the board.
    • Without references at 4 PM
    • Fixed in the test bank.

Thoughts:

  • Ensure clarity in the note-taking process to improve understanding among all attendees.

Additional Notes

  • Carina: Withdrew from the course.
  • Laura: Finished soon; Maddie to review.
  • Rowyn: Rational on test results.
  • Similarly for Ashley: Need confirmation on her status.

Ideas:

  • Discuss the implications of course withdrawals and how to support students who are struggling.
  • Consider creating a support group or resources for overwhelmed students.

Extended readings:

www.ilsos.gov
[PDF] Illinois Court of Claims Volume 69

Exam Notes (10/5/24)

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Exam Details

TimeStudent
8:30Zanna
9:15Maddy
9:15Tahira
9:15Monica
9:15Elena
9:15Ashley
Anna
Orlando
Rowyn

Thoughts:

  • It's important to note the start times for each student to ensure no one is late and to facilitate proper spacing for exam monitoring.

Missing Students

  • Carmen: Did not notify me of absence.
  • Natalie: Overwhelmed situation reported.
  • Darby: Unable to attend due to pneumonia.
  • Hannah: Grandmother's situation may be affecting attendance.
  • Dalila: Currently in the hospital.

Thoughts:

  • Communication with students who are unable to attend is crucial. It may be beneficial to set up a system for students to report their status more effectively, especially in cases of health-related issues.

Notes on Exam Adjustments

  • Typo Issue: Wrote on the board that certain items were overlooked, corrected to cross out errors at question 4.
  • Test Bank Update: Corrections have been applied to ensure accurate assessment for future exams.

Thoughts:

  • Keeping accurate records of errors made during the exam setup is vital for improving the process. Reviewing and updating the test bank regularly can help prevent future issues.

Overall Student Performance

  • Carmen: Withdrew from the course, possibly indicating a need for support systems for struggling students.
  • Zanna, Maddy: Achieved scores of 100% and 101% respectively, showcasing their strong performance.
  • Rowyn: Rationalizing their test performance could help identify areas for improvement—perhaps establishing feedback sessions would be beneficial.
  • Same for Ashley: Individual review could provide insights into barriers faced during exams.

Thoughts:

  • Monitoring student performance closely can help in identifying trends that may require intervention, such as additional resources or support for those who are struggling. Tracking high achievers can also aid in developing peer mentorship programs.

Extended readings:

osf.io
https://osf.io/mepkc/?action=download
github.com
zxcvbn-python/zxcvbn/frequency_lists.py at master - GitHub
www.daten-quadrat.de
covid-19 - Scientific Journals

Biochemistry Notes

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Exam Schedule

  • Date: 10/5/24
  • Event: Exam 2
    • 8:30 AM Start:
      • Zanna
      • Maddy
    • 9:15 AM Start:
      • Tatum
      • Monica
      • Elena
      • Ashley
      • Anna
      • Orlando
    Thoughts: It's crucial to prepare a study plan that covers all topics in detail before this exam date. Group study or discussing questions with peers can also help solidify understanding.

Biochemical Concepts

  • Date: 10/9/2024
    • Topic: Enzyme Kinetics
      • Key Points:
        • Two equilibria in the enzyme-substrate complex formation.
        • Important equations:
          • E+S↔ESE + S \leftrightarrow ES (Where E = enzyme, S = substrate, ES = enzyme-substrate complex)
          • VmaxV_{max} dependent on formation of products.
          • Vmax=k2[E]tV_{max} = k_{2} [E]_{t}
    Explanation: Understanding enzyme kinetics is foundational in biochemistry. The relationship between enzyme concentration and reaction velocity helps in understanding metabolic pathways.

Study Suggestions

  • Review definitions of terms such as EE, SS, ESES, and VmaxV_{max} to build a solid foundation.
  • Practice problems related to enzyme kinetics to get familiar with how to apply the equations.
  • Consider forming study groups for discussing these topics as they can be complex and benefit from collaboration.

Extended readings:

www.pearson.com
Enzyme Kinetics - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep
www.pearson.com
Vmax Enzyme - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep
www.varsitytutors.com
Biochemistry : Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics - Varsity Tutors